Mediation is often promoted as a private and protected process—but mediation confidentiality is not absolute. While confidentiality is one of mediation’s greatest strengths, Canadian laws carve out critical exceptions that can expose your words, documents, and even your mediator’s notes to courts, regulators, or the public.
Before walking into a mediation session with sensitive business, personal, or financial disclosures, it’s vital to understand where the limits are—and how to protect yourself if confidentiality breaks down.
Why Mediation Confidentiality Matters
Confidentiality is the cornerstone of mediation. It encourages honesty, creative problem-solving, and a willingness to compromise—because parties believe what they say won’t come back to haunt them in court.
But here’s the truth: One in five mediations in Canada experience either intentional or court-ordered breaches of confidentiality. And depending on your province, profession, or the nature of your dispute, those protections could unravel quickly.
4 Legal Exceptions That Undermine Confidentiality
1. Imminent Harm or Criminal Conduct
Mediators are legally required to report:
- Child abuse or elder neglect
- Threats of physical violence (“I’ll ruin his business”)
- Criminal admissions (e.g., fraud, embezzlement)
For example, in British Columbia, mediators have a duty to report suspected abuse under the Adult Guardianship Act.
2. Enforcement and Taxation Loopholes
Mediation agreements lose confidentiality when:
- Filed in court for enforcement
- Reviewed during tax audits (CRA can subpoena financial terms)
- Evaluated in bankruptcy proceedings
What begins as a private negotiation can easily become public record once enforcement steps in.
3. “Without Prejudice” Isn’t Bulletproof
The concept of “without prejudice” is a cornerstone of mediation offers—but it can collapse if:
- You refer to mediation proposals in later court filings
- Draft agreements are used as evidence of bad faith
In the Supreme Court case Union Carbide v. Bombardier, parts of the mediation record were admitted because parties used them to show dishonesty.
4. Provincial Variations
Each province handles confidentiality differently:
Province | Strongest Protections | Weakest Protections |
---|---|---|
Ontario | Settlement discussions | Child protection cases |
Alberta | Commercial mediation | Environmental disclosures |
Québec | Civil Code Article 2633 | Insurance disputes and fraud cases |
Surprising Ways Confidentiality Can Be Breached
Subpoenas Target Mediators
In most provinces (excluding Québec), courts can compel mediators to testify about:
- Who attended
- Whether there was coercion or misunderstanding
- General conduct during sessions
“Confidential” Documents That Aren’t
Mediation notes or emails labeled “confidential” may lose protection if:
- Sent outside of mediation timelines
- Left unsigned or unapproved
- Included as exhibits in litigation
Co-Mediation and Legal Risk
In cases involving co-mediators or advisors (e.g., lawyers, therapists):
- Attorney notes may be discoverable
- Private observations could influence cost rulings in court
How to Protect Mediation Confidentiality
1. Draft a Bulletproof Pre-Mediation Agreement
Include:
- An explicit waiver of mediator testimony rights
- A destruction-of-notes clause
- Penalty terms for breaches (e.g., $5,000 per violation)
Use a lawyer-vetted confidentiality template like SRG LLP’s internal model.
2. Use Secure Tools and Labels
- Clearly label all documents: “CONFIDENTIAL – MEDIATION USE ONLY”
- Avoid email; use encrypted document-sharing platforms
- Keep records offline where possible
3. Vet Your Mediator
Ask them:
- “Have you ever been subpoenaed?”
- “What is your data retention policy?”
- “Do you offer hybrid mediation with lawyer presence?”
4. Customize Strategy for High-Risk Cases
- In corporate disputes, use NDAs and hire commercial mediators only
- For family cases, avoid mediators without legal training
- In employment claims, arbitration may offer stronger confidentiality than mediation
What If Confidentiality Is Breached?
Can You Sue?
Yes—but financial compensation is difficult to win unless actual damages are proven.
More effective options:
- Seek an injunction to stop further disclosure
- Notify your provincial mediation regulator
- Enforce penalties written into the pre-mediation agreement
Do NDAs Help?
In most provinces—yes. Non-disclosure agreements add an extra legal layer on top of mediation rules, especially in Ontario and B.C.
Final Thought: Mediation Confidentiality Is Powerful—but Not Perfect
The idea that “what happens in mediation stays in mediation” isn’t always true. Knowing the limits of mediation confidentiality—and planning for them—can make or break your case.
💡 Pro Tip: Don’t rely on assumed privacy. Get it in writing, vet your mediator, and control every document from day one.
Need expert help navigating confidentiality in your upcoming mediation?
👉 Contact SRG LLP’s mediation specialists today for strategic guidance and custom confidentiality protections.